Which two bacteria are most commonly associated with footrot in sheep?

Which one of the following statements about low-pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) and high-pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) is most correct about migrating waterfowl in North America?

Which statement about beak trimming in poultry is most correct?

Which lesions are most commonly associated with Marek’s disease?

What is the best way to prevent Marek’s disease?

Several thousand migrating ducks have died on one large lake in the past week.On evaluation, many ducks have flaccid paralysis of the neck and are unable to ambulate.What is the diagnosis?

Several thousand migrating ducks have died on one large lake in the past week.On evaluation, many ducks have flaccid paralysis of the neck and are unable to ambulate.What is the best test to confirm the presumptive diagnosis of botulism?

What do Eimeria oocysts in intestinal scrapings on routine necropsy of a chicken suggest?

A parrot is presented with dyspnea and sinusitis with nasal discharge. Stained nasal flush reveals fungal hyphae. What is the likely cause?

What ophthalmic condition is most evident in this cat?

Membranous filaments are present in the pupils of both eyes

A cat is presented with bilateral conjunctivitis and rhinitis. Microscopic exam of a conjunctival scrape shows an inclusion body inside of a cell, adjacent to the nucleus among the cells of the discharge.What is the most likely diagnosis?

Intracytoplasmic inclusions (arrows) in conjunctival epithelial cells of a cat with conjunctivitis (Giemsa stain, ×330).

A cat is presented with bilateral conjunctivitis and rhinitis. The image below is seen on conjunctival scrape. What is the treatment of choice?

Intracytoplasmic inclusions (arrows) in conjunctival epithelial cells of a cat with conjunctivitis (Giemsa stain, ×330).

Why do horses become pregnant with twins so often?

The most common means of transmission of the PRRS virus on pig farms is via which of the following?

A large herd of finishing swine is evaluated due to reduced weight gain. On examination many pigs have dry coughs which are more apparent when the animals are moving around.A group of pigs recently sent to slaughter had a high incidence of pneumonic lesions ventrally in the cardiac and apical pulmonary lobes .What is the best management recommendation for control of the top differential? https://www.merckvetmanual.com/multimedia/zk/v4740773

The best management of pregnant sows more than 14 days from farrowing in the face of an epidemic of transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) includes which of the following?

Transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) is often diagnosed presumptively.What is the best evidence for making a presumptive diagnosis of TGE?

For the past month, a large confinement swine operation has experienced a steep rise in pre-weaning mortality. Late abortions, stillbirths, and mummifications have also increased.Herdsmen have noted some sows with bluish discoloration of the ears, which appears transient. Weanling pigs are coughing and dyspneic, and some have died.What will positive ELISA antibody tests for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) on affected animals in this herd most consistently identify?

Failure to control mild endemic respiratory disease in swine caused by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae predisposes pigs to complications.Which other organism works in conjunction with Mycoplasma hyopneumonia to cause exudative bronchopneumonia and polyarthritis?

Which of the following is most accurate regarding sows that have aborted due to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS)?

Which clinical pathologic findings best fit a dog with hypoadrenocorticism?

Which of the following is the test of choice for a dog with suspected hypoadrenocorticism?

A collapsed Doberman pinscher is presented on an emergency visit. The dog is vomiting, dehydrated, and bradycardic with weak femoral pulses.The owner says her regular vet has diagnosed Addison’s disease but she hasn’t been very compliant in the last few weeks: her hyperactive triplet nephews have been visiting, and the stress level at the house has been pretty high.What is the treatment of choice?

A 6-year old spayed female black standard poodle has just been diagnosed with hypoadrenocorticism with ACTH stimulation testing.The dog is currently stable but suffers from waxing and waning episodes of lethargy, vomiting, anorexia, weight loss, diarrhea, weakness and polyuria/polydipsia (PU/PD).What is the treatment of choice?

A 9-year old spayed female Rottweiler is presented with a diagnosis of hypoadrenocorticism.The dog is stable but suffers from waxing and waning episodes of lethargy, vomiting, anorexia, weight loss, diarrhea and weakness.Which of the following should be monitored during treatment?

Following proper stabilization and treatment, what prognosis should be given the owners of a 6-year old dog with a diagnosis of primary (immune-mediated) hypoadrenocorticism?

A 5-year-old spayed female Great Dane is presented.

The dog has been to the clinic twice previously in the last 4 months because of lethargy, vomiting, anorexia, weight loss, diarrhea, weakness and increased thirst.

Physical exam shows moderate dehydration, weak femoral pulses.

Which is the most likely diagnosis?

VALUE NORMAL
T=99.8 F(37.7 C) 99.5-102.5 F, 37.2-39.2 C
HR=45 bpm 60-120
RR=24 brpm 15-34
A CBC shows the following:

TEST VALUE NORMAL NOTES
PCV 57% 37-55%
RBC 4.9 x 1012 g/L 5.2-8.5 g/L normocytic, normochromic
WBC 14,700/µl 5400-15,300/µl
NEUTS 60% 60-70%
LYMPHS 27% 12-30%
MONOS 3% 3-10%
EOS 10% 2-10%
Blood chemistry reveals the following:

TEST VALUE NORMAL
NA 144 mEq/L 146-156 mEq/L
K 5.8 mEq/L 3.8-5.6 mEq/L
AST 14 U/L 13-15 U/L
LDH 200 U/L 24-219 U/L
ALT 36 U/L 8.2-57 U/L
GGT 3.4 U/L 1.0-9.7 U/L
BILIRUBIN (TOTAL) 0.4 mg/dl 0.0-0.3 mg/dl
ALK PHOS 101 U/L 1-114 U/L
CHOLESTEROL 114 mg/dl 116-300 mg/dl
BUN (US) 29 mg/dL 7.0-26 mg/dl
BUN (SI) 10.36 mmol/L 2.5-9.29 mmol/L
CREATININE (US) 1.8 mg/dL 0.5-1.6 mg/dL
CREATININE (SI) 159.12 μmol/L 44.2- 141.44 μmol/L
GLUCOSE (US) 120 mg/dl 63-132 mg/dl
GLUCOSE (SI) 6.7 mmol/l 3.5- 7.3 mmol/L
Urinalysis:

TEST VALUE NORMAL
U SP. G 1.048 1.016-1.060

A seven-year-old spayed female West Highland white terrier with a history of severe vomiting is presented on emergency after collapsing at home. On physical exam, the dog is recumbent and poorly responsive, severely dehydrated and shocky, with a slow capillary refill time, and bradycardia.

The owner says the dog has been sick off and on for the last three months with bouts of vomiting and diarrhea, appetite loss, and lethargy. She occasionally drank excessively and had urinary accidents in the house.

An intravenous catheter is quickly placed and IV fluids are given rapidly to stabilize the dog while diagnostics are run.

Which of the following tests should be performed to confirm the most likely cause of the illness in this dog? Na 141.0 mEq/L 146-156 mEq/L Chol 210 mg/dl 116-300 mg/dl
Ca 11.8 mEq/L 9.6-11.6 mEq/L K 6.2 mEq/L 3.8-5.6 mEq/L
ALT 35 U/L 8.2-57 U/L LDH 210 U/L 24-219 U/L
AST 15 U/L 13-15 U/L Alk Phos 110 U/L 1-114 U/L
GGT 3.3 U/L 1.0-9.7 U/L Bilirubin (total) 0.4 mg/d 0.0-0.4 mg/d

A horse is presented with a history of having broken out of its stall and into the feed room 6 hours ago. Which one of the following sets of choices would be included in the best initial management of this case to decrease the risk of acute laminitis secondary to grain overload?

Where are the majority of equine lamenesses located, anatomically?

A male hamster from a mixed group of males and females is presented with bilateral patches of matted darker fur on the costovertbral area.What is the most appropriate interpretation?

A 19-year-old Saddlebred gelding is presented for acute lameness in the right hind limb.He was trimmed by the farrier 2 weeks ago; he is shod on the fore hooves and goes barefoot behind.The gelding is 4+/5 lame on the American Association of Equine Practitioners Lameness scale (i.e., extremely lame at the walk).No heat, swelling, or abnormalities are identified in the right hindlimb and the horse does not resent its manipulation and flexion.The digital pulse is increased and the horse is extremely sensitive to hoof testers over the medial toe.What recommendation should be made based on the top differential?

Of the following choices, which two drugs can cause iatrogenic hypoadrenocorticism?

Which group is most predisposed to develop hypoadrenocorticism (Addison’s disease)?

A three-year old male intact Chow-mix dog with no history of vaccinations is presented. This morning he was bitten by a raccoon that was acting strangely.The owner is worried about rabies, but does not want to euthanize her dog.What is the best action to take?

A 6-year old male intact Saint Bernard-mix dog is presented who was vaccinated by a veterinarian with an approved 1-year inactivated monovalent rabies vaccine 4 years ago. This morning he was bitten by a raccoon that was acting strangely.The owner is worried about rabies.According to the most recent Compendium of Animal Rabies Prevention and Control, what is the recommended way to handle cases where a pet with out-of-date rabies vaccination is bitten by an animal that is potentially rabid?

Which of the following test(s) is/are used to differentiate among the different types of diabetes insipidus (DI) and psychogenic polydipsia?

Which one of the following choices correctly lists the most important contraindications against performing a water deprivation test on an animal with suspected diabetes insipidus (DI)?

An adult male hound dog is presented for cough and exercise intolerance. He was recently rescued in Georgia in the Southern United States and is heartworm positive.What antibiotic therapy is recommended to treat the endosymbiotic bacteria Wolbachia pipiens prior to melarsomine treatment for heartworm?

During workup for polyuria/polydipsia (PU/PD) in a dog, preliminary work up has ruled out common causes of PU/PD (ie: diabetes mellitus, hyperadrenocorticism, hyperthyroidism, pyometra and medications like glucocorticoids, diuretics, phenobarbital or salt supplementation).Serial measurements of urine specific gravity/osmolality and trial therapy with exogenous ADH yield urine with specific gravity (USG) below 1.015 [N=1.016-1.060] in all samples.What is the diagnosis?

An 18-month-old Golden retriever is presented with a two-month history of polyuria/polydipsia (PU/PD).Initial workup has ruled out common causes of PU/PD (ie: diabetes mellitus, hyperadrenocorticism, hyperthyroidism, pyometra and medications like glucocorticoids, diuretics, phenobarbital or salt supplementation).The owner is requested to collect urine samples every two hours (and every four hours at night) for 24 hours.Two samples have a urine specific gravity (USG) above 1.030 [N=1.016-1.060] and the rest of the samples are below USG 1.015.What is the interpretation of these results?

A 2-year-old German Shepherd is presented with a 1-month history of polyuria/polydipsia (PU/PD) and night-time accidents in the house (noctiuria).Initial workup has ruled out common causes of PU/PD (ie: diabetes mellitus, hyperadrenocorticism, hyperthyroidism, pyometra and medications like glucocorticoids, diuretics, phenobarbital or salt supplementation).Serial measurements of urine specific gravity/osmolality and trial therapy with exogenous ADH are done while carefully monitoring body weight, hydration and BUN.The resulting urine specific gravity (USG) results are less than 1.015 [N=1.016-1.060] in all samples.What is next step, based on these results?

After the first rabies vaccination, when is a dog (or cat or ferret) considered to be fully immunized and protected against rabies?

How long after a booster rabies vaccination is a cat (or dog, or ferret) considered to be currently vaccinated and protected against rabies?

A four-year old male neutered domestic shorthair cat is presented that was bitten by a raccoon in a fight.The owner has documentation of a rabies vaccintation two years ago, but the cat is overdue for a booster vaccination.What are the correct actions to take?

A healthy 6-year old female spayed cat is presented that bit her owner’s hand this morning, and drew blood. It is unclear if the cat has been vaccinated against rabies before.What is the correct action to take?

A stray cat bit a person’s hand this morning, and drew blood.What is the correct action to take?

Which test on a serum chemistry panel is the most sensitive indicator of acute renal disease in cows and horses?

Which of the following findings would be expected with pre-renal azotemia?

What clinical findings would be expected with a post-renal azotemia?

What condition may be suggested in a dog whose urine specific gravity (USG) is greater than 1.030 [N=1.016-1.060] after a water deprivation test?

Which choice is most likely to present with primary (psychogenic) polydipsia?

How can laryngospasm in cats be prevented?

What kind of anemia is expected with iron deficiency?

What is the most common cause of iron deficiency?

A 1-year-old Weimaraner is presented with a 45-day history of polyuria/polydipsia (PU/PD) and night-time accidents in the house (noctiuria).

Initial workup has ruled out common causes of PU/PD (ie: diabetes mellitus, hyperadrenocorticism, hyperthyroidism, pyometra and medications like glucocorticoids, diuretics, phenobarbital or salt supplementation).

Serial measurements of urine specific gravity/osmolality and trial therapy with exogenous ADH are done while carefully monitoring body weight, hydration and BUN. The resulting urine specific gravity (USG) results are 1.014 or less [N=1.016-1.060] in all samples.After a modified water deprivation protocol, the USG is 1.032 [N=1.016-1.060, urine osmolality greater than 1.000 mOsm/kg].What is the most correct interpretation of these results?

Which choice lists insulin types from shortest to longest duration of action?

A 1-year-old Rottweiler mix is presented with a history of polyuria/polydipsia (PU/PD) for several months, with urinary accidents in the house becoming more and more frequent.Initial workup has ruled out common causes of PU/PD (ie: diabetes mellitus, hyperadrenocorticism, hyperthyroidism, pyometra and medications like glucocorticoids, diuretics, phenobarbital or salt supplementation).Serial measurements of urine specific gravity/osmolality and trial therapy with exogenous ADH are done while carefully monitoring body weight, hydration and BUN. The resulting urine specific gravity (USG) results are 1.014 or less [N=1.016-1.060] in all samples.After a modified water deprivation protocol, the USG is less than 1.015 [N=1.016-1.060].What is the most correct interpretation of these results?

A 5-month-old Doberman mix dog is presented with a 2-month history of polyuria/polydipsia (PU/PD).

Initial workup has ruled out common causes of PU/PD (e.g., diabetes mellitus, hyperadrenocorticism, hyperthyroidism, renal disease, pyometra, hypercalcemia, hepatic insufficiency; medications like glucocorticoids, diuretics, phenobarbital; excessive salt supplementation).

Serial measurements of urine specific gravity/osmolality and trial therapy with exogenous ADH were done while carefully monitoring body weight, hydration, and kidney values. The resulting urine specific gravity (USG) results were 1.014 or less [N=1.025-1.060] in all samples.

After a modified water deprivation protocol, the USG is less than 1.015 [N=1.025-1.060].

What is the best treatment plan?

A 2-year-old male neutered Boxer is presented with a 45-day history of polyuria/polydipsia (PU/PD) and increasingly frequent urinary accidents in the house, especially at night. He suffered a traumatic brain injury 2 months ago after being hit by a car but has recovered with mild neurologic deficits. His urine specific gravity at presentation is hyposthenuric at 1.004 [USG N=1.025-1.060].

Initial workup has ruled out common causes of PU/PD (e.g., diabetes mellitus, hyperadrenocorticism, hyperthyroidism, renal disease, hypercalcemia, hepatic insufficiency; medications like glucocorticoids, diuretics, phenobarbital; excessive salt supplementation).

Serial measurements of urine specific gravity and trial therapy with exogenous ADH are done while carefully monitoring body weight, hydration, and renal values. The resulting urine specific gravity (USG) results are greater than 1.030.

What is the diagnosis?

An excitable 17-month-old female black lab is presented with a one-month history of polyuria/polydipsia (PU/PD).

Initial workup has ruled out common causes of PU/PD (e.g., diabetes mellitus, hyperadrenocorticism, hyperthyroidism, renal disease, hypercalcemia, pyometra, hepatic insufficiency; medications like glucocorticoids, diuretics, phenobarbital; excessive salt supplementation).

The owner is requested to collect urine samples every two hours (and every four hours at night) for 24 hours. A few samples have a urine specific gravity (USG) above 1.030 [N=1.025-1.060] but most of the samples are below USG 1.014.

What is the recommended treatment plan?

Which one of the following patients would most likely benefit from staphylectomy?

What is the radiographic presentation of atlantoaxial instability?

Which choice is the most common tumor found in bone in dogs and cats?

After how many months of age can it be said that a dog is definitively cryptorchid?

A 7-year old Akita dog is presented on emergency with an acutely enlarged eye OD. There is corneal edema (opaque blue-white color) and the pupil is dilated but there is no obvious uveitis. Intraocular pressure (IOP) is > 30 mm Hg (normal ~ 12-20 mm Hg)

Acute glaucoma is suspected.

Click here to see image

Which combination of medical treatments is most appropriate?

A newborn foal is examined two hours after birth.

The foal has a heart rate of 100 bpm [N=100-120], and a continuous murmur loudest on the left side.

Which one of the following choices is the most likely explanation for these findings?

A 1-day-old Thoroughbred foal has a serum IgG concentration less than 400 mg/dl (adequate passive transfer = greater than 800 mg/dl).

Which one of the following choices is the best method of improving the immune status of this foal?

Which nerve block is most appropriate to specifically alleviate the pain of severe acute laminitis in a horse?

Two weeks ago a three-year-old female Rajapalayam dog gave birth to a litter of five puppies. She has been whining and more aggressive than normal, even biting at her own feet, and appears disoriented and hypersensitive to sound. She is trembling, wobbly, and stiff.

Which one of the following choices is the most appropriate initial treatment for the suspected diagnosis?

A 3-year old male intact German shepherd is presented for routine vaccination. The owner reports the one testicle “never came down”. You recommend surgical removal of the intra-abdominal testicle because a cryptorchid dog is at increased risk of which conditions?

A ten-year-old male intact Doberman mix dog is presented with one testicle that is grossly enlarged and nonpainful and the other atrophied.

What condition(s) are expected to be seen in association with this presentation?

Which three conditions can be found in a dog with brachycephalic syndrome?

A seven-year old intact male Bernese mountain dog is presented with a one-month history of tenesmus, constipation and ribbon-like stool. Rectal exam reveals an enlarged, smooth, symmetrical, non-painful prostate gland. The dog is otherwise healthy.

What is the most effective treatment?

A 7-year old intact male Siberian husky is presented with a 1-month history of tenesmus, constipation and ribbon stool. Rectal exam detects an enlarged prostate. The dog is otherwise healthy.

The dog is a valuable breeding animal and the owner does not want to consider castration as a treatment for benign prostatic hypertrophy.

What medical intervention would be recommended?

A six-month old female-spayed Dalmatian puppy is presented with labored breathing, collapse, drooling, and linear necrotic lesions on the tongue, lips and palate.

Which one of the following choices is the most likely cause of these changes?

A six-year-old Chow dog is presented with an acutely enlarged eye OD. There is corneal edema (opaque blue-white color) and the pupil is dilated but there is no obvious uveitis. Intraocular pressure (IOP) is > 30 mm Hg (normal ~ 12-20 mm Hg).

Acute primary glaucoma is suspected.

What advice should be given to the owner?

Click here to see image https://www.merckvetmanual.com/multimedia/zk/v11723673

What is the main reason for constipation in a dog with an anal sac adenocarcinoma?

Which choice best describes the presentation of lungworms (Dictyocaulus spp.)?

In addition to Bordetella bronchiseptica, which choice is included in a vaccine against infectious tracheobronchitis (kennel cough)?

A 3-month-old female Malamute cross is presented with a 3-day history of a dry honking cough which began about a week after being boarded at a kennel. The dog is bright, alert, responsive, and afebrile.

More coughing can be elicited by applying light pressure to the dog’s trachea.

What is the appropriate way to manage this case?

A two-month-old male Pit bull cross with an uncertain vaccination history is presented.

The dog has a loud cough which began a week after being adopted from the local animal shelter.

Three days ago the dog was diagnosed with kennel cough and sent home to be isolated and rest.

Today, the dog is depressed, anorexic, and has a nasal discharge with conjunctivitis.

During physical exam more coughing is elicited after applying light pressure to the dog’s trachea and crackles and wheezes are noted on lung auscultation.

It seems this dog now has a severe case of infectious tracheobronchitis, with bronchopneumonia.

What is the treatment plan? VALUE NORMAL
T=103.9oF (39.9oC) 99.5-102.5oF, 37.2-39.2oC
HR=110 bpm 60-120
RR=30 brpm 15-34

A 6-month old male German shepherd is presented with difficulty rising, reluctance to climb stairs, bunny hopping gait, and occasional hind limb lameness. On physical examination, there is a positive Ortolani sign on the right and the dog is able to bear the weight

What is the diagnosis?

Which condition is Legg-Perthes disease?

A 6-month old St. Bernard puppy is presented with a history of decreased activity, reluctance to run and jump, right hind limb lameness and swaying gait. There is coxofemoral joint laxity (Clicking/popping felt over hip joint=positive Ortolani sign).

A DV radiograph shows a normally shaped femoral head and acetabulum with decreased congruence at the coxofemoral joint and moderate subluxation. There is no obvious degenerative joint disease (DJD).

The owners have already tried conservative Rx with mixed results and want a surgical intervention.

What treatment is recommended?

What condition is treated using an Ehmer sling?

What condition is treated using a Velpeau bandage?

What condition is treated using a Robert Jones bandage?

A 4-year-old neutered male boxer is presented with a 1-cm diameter nodular skin mass in the inguinal area.

The dog is otherwise healthy on physical exam.

Fine needle aspiration shows round medium-sized cells with basophilic cytoplasmic granules (blue-black to purple-red) stained with a Romanowsky stain.

What is the presumptive diagnosis?

Mast cell tumors are commonly present as cutaneous nodules, but in which animal is the spleen the most common primary location?

A ten-year-old male neutered Labrador retriever is presented for routine vaccinations. The client has no concerns regarding the dog’s health.

A 1-cm mass is evident on palpation in the region of the left anal gland. The right anal gland is normal and expresses easily.

Fine needle aspirate results from the left anal gland are suggestive of an apocrine gland adenocarcinoma.

Which one of the following statements should be conveyed to the client regarding unilateral apocrine gland adenocarcinomas?

A three-year-old male dog from the Northeastern United States is presented with a 2-week history of intermittent lameness. The dog has an uncertain vaccination history and Lyme disease is suspected.

A preliminary serum test for Lyme disease comes back positive, but it is still unclear whether that means the dog was vaccinated or is actually sick with Lyme disease.

Which one of the following tests can help differentiate between a vaccinated dog and a dog naturally infected with Borrelia burgdorferi?

A 4-month old male dog is presented with a 2 day history of anorexia, worsening vomiting, diarrhea, stiff gait, reluctance to move and lack of urination. Physical exam shows dehydration, fever, icterus and petechial hemorrhages on the oral mucous membranes. Preliminary diagnostics reveal a neutrophilic leukocytosis with a left shift, azotemia, elevated hepatic enzymes, isosthenuria, proteinuria, bilirubinuria and pyuria.

Which one of the following tests is most appropriate to confirm your diagnosis?

An eight-year-old Thoroughbred gelding is presented for a history of intermittent left-sided epistaxis. Upper airway endoscopy reveals the following in the caudodorsal aspect of the left dorsal nasal meatus.

Click here to see image https://www.merckvetmanual.com/multimedia/zk/v4740557

Which one of the following is the best conservative therapeutic option for the top differential in this horse?

A nine-year-old Warmblood mare is presented with a six-week history of intermittent right-sided unilateral epistaxis, coughing, head-shaking, increased respiratory effort and abnormal respiratory noise.

On nasopharyngeal endoscopy, the following image is seen and progressive ethmoid hematoma is diagnosed.

What should the owner be told?

Click here to see image

An 8-year-old Thoroughbred gelding with a 2-week history of intermittent right-side unilateral epistaxis, coughing, head-shaking, increased respiratory effort and abnormal respiratory noise.

On nasopharyngeal endoscopy, an ethmoid hematoma is evident.

What should be done next?

A 3-year-old Thoroughbred mare is presented with a 1-month history of poor race performance. The mare slows down markedly near the end of races with labored breathing and excessive swallowing.

She coughs after exercise, but otherwise acts normally and has a good appetite.

With the horse calm and well rested, there are no obvious abnormalities on endoscopic exam. A transtracheal wash shows the following image.

What is the diagnosis? https://www.merckvetmanual.com/multimedia/zk/v4740611

Click here to see image

The following is seen on a blood smear from a range cow from south Texas near the Mexican border.The cow has two day history of high fever, anorexia, depression and “Redwater” (red urine-hemoglobinuria).What should be done next?

The following image is seen on a blood smear from a range cow from south Texas near the Mexican border.The cow has two day history of high fever, anorexia, depression and “Redwater” (red urine-hemoglobinuria).What is the diagnosis?https://www.merckvetmanual.com/multimedia/zk/v4730522

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) and Viscerotropic velogenic Newcastle disease (VVND) are zoonotic. How do these two diseases present in humans?